{"id":8234150,"date":"2026-10-24T17:30:46","date_gmt":"2026-10-24T17:30:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/scn.eu\/?post_type=scn_guide&#038;p=8234150"},"modified":"2026-10-24T17:33:39","modified_gmt":"2026-10-24T17:33:39","slug":"tillstandsovervakning-vibration","status":"publish","type":"scn_guide","link":"https:\/\/scn.eu\/sv\/guider\/tillstandsovervakning-vibration\/","title":{"rendered":"Tillst\u00e5nds\u00f6vervakning med vibrationsgivare \u2013 s\u00e5 b\u00f6rjar du"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"scn-guide\">\n<h1>Tillst\u00e5nds\u00f6vervakning med vibrationsgivare \u2013 s\u00e5 b\u00f6rjar du<\/h1>\n<p class=\"g-lead\">Ett haveri i en v\u00e4xell\u00e5da, pump eller fl\u00e4kt syns ofta i vibrationerna veckor eller m\u00e5nader innan. H\u00e4r g\u00e5r vi igenom vad du ska m\u00e4ta, hur ISO 20816 hj\u00e4lper dig att bed\u00f6ma niv\u00e5erna och hur du kommer ig\u00e5ng \u2013 fr\u00e5n vindkraftverket till pumpstationen.<\/p>\n<div class=\"g-short\"><b class=\"t\">Kort svar<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Varf\u00f6r<\/b> \u2013 vibrationer avsl\u00f6jar obalans, uppriktningsfel och lagerskador l\u00e5ngt innan maskinen blir varm eller b\u00f6rjar l\u00e5ta.<\/li>\n<li><b>Vad du m\u00e4ter<\/b> \u2013 hastighet i mm\/s RMS f\u00f6r maskinens allm\u00e4nna skick, acceleration och kuvert (envelope) f\u00f6r lager och kuggar.<\/li>\n<li><b>Standarder<\/b> \u2013 ISO 20816-serien har ersatt det mesta av ISO 10816. Del 3 g\u00e4ller industrimaskiner \u00f6ver 15 kW, del 21 vindkraftverk.<\/li>\n<li><b>Tr\u00e5dl\u00f6st eller tr\u00e5dbundet<\/b> \u2013 tr\u00e5dl\u00f6st f\u00f6r m\u00e5nga maskiner och eftermontering, tr\u00e5dbundet f\u00f6r kritiska maskiner och kontinuerlig m\u00e4tning.<\/li>\n<li><b>Kom ig\u00e5ng<\/b> \u2013 b\u00f6rja med de mest kritiska maskinerna, m\u00e4t en baslinje och s\u00e4tt larmgr\u00e4nser utifr\u00e5n den.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Varf\u00f6r tillst\u00e5nds\u00f6vervakning?<\/h2>\n<p>De flesta maskiner underh\u00e5lls antingen n\u00e4r de g\u00e5r s\u00f6nder eller enligt schema. Det f\u00f6rsta ger oplanerade stopp, det andra byten av delar som hade h\u00e5llit l\u00e4nge till. Med tillst\u00e5ndsbaserat underh\u00e5ll m\u00e4ter du maskinens skick och \u00e5tg\u00e4rdar n\u00e4r det beh\u00f6vs.<\/p>\n<p>Ett lagerfel utvecklas i steg. F\u00f6rst uppst\u00e5r sm\u00e5, upprepade st\u00f6tar som bara k\u00e4nsliga metoder f\u00e5ngar. Sedan \u00f6kar vibrationerna, d\u00e4refter ljudet och till sist temperaturen \u2013 ofta strax f\u00f6re haveriet. Ju tidigare du ser felet, desto mer tid har du att planera stoppet och best\u00e4lla delar.<\/p>\n<figure><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/scn-guide-vibration-f1-sv.webp\" alt=\"Kurva \u00f6ver maskinens skick \u00f6ver tid. Ett lagerfel syns f\u00f6rst i kuvertanalys, sedan i vibrationsniv\u00e5n, d\u00e4refter som ljud och v\u00e4rme och till sist som haveri.\" width=\"1520\" height=\"600\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>Ett lagerfel syns i kuvertanalys och vibrationer l\u00e5ngt innan det h\u00f6rs eller blir varmt.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>I ett vindkraftverk kan ett haveri i huvudlager eller v\u00e4xell\u00e5da kr\u00e4va en stor kran och veckor av stillest\u00e5nd. I en pumpstation eller fabrik kan en enda pump, fl\u00e4kt eller transport\u00f6r stoppa hela fl\u00f6det.<\/p>\n<h2>Vad ska du m\u00e4ta?<\/h2>\n<div class=\"g-tbl\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Storhet<\/th>\n<th>Enhet<\/th>\n<th>Visar<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"n\">Hastighet<\/td>\n<td>mm\/s RMS<\/td>\n<td>Maskinens allm\u00e4nna skick: obalans, uppriktningsfel, glapp och l\u00f6sa fundament. Anv\u00e4nds i ISO 20816.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"n\">Acceleration<\/td>\n<td>g eller m\/s\u00b2<\/td>\n<td>H\u00f6gfrekventa fel, till exempel kuggingrepp i v\u00e4xell\u00e5dor.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"n\">Kuvert (envelope)<\/td>\n<td>g<\/td>\n<td>Upprepade st\u00f6tar fr\u00e5n tidiga lagerskador och d\u00e5lig sm\u00f6rjning.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"n\">F\u00f6rskjutning<\/td>\n<td>\u00b5m<\/td>\n<td>Axelns r\u00f6relse i glidlager och l\u00e5ngsamma maskiner.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"n\">Temperatur<\/td>\n<td>\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td>Sent tecken p\u00e5 friktion och sm\u00f6rjbrist, men enkelt att m\u00e4ta.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>En <b>frekvensanalys (FFT)<\/b> delar upp signalen i frekvenser. En topp vid varvtalet tyder ofta p\u00e5 obalans, vid dubbla varvtalet p\u00e5 uppriktningsfel och vid lagrets felfrekvenser p\u00e5 lagerskada. D\u00e5 ser du inte bara att n\u00e5got \u00e4r fel, utan ocks\u00e5 vad.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00e4t p\u00e5 lagerhusen, s\u00e5 n\u00e4ra lagret som m\u00f6jligt, radiellt och g\u00e4rna axiellt. En treaxlig givare m\u00e4ter alla riktningar samtidigt.<\/p>\n<h2>ISO 20816 \u2013 n\u00e4r \u00e4r vibrationerna f\u00f6r h\u00f6ga?<\/h2>\n<p>Standardserien ISO 20816 ers\u00e4tter de \u00e4ldre ISO 10816 och ISO 7919 och samlar m\u00e4tningar p\u00e5 lagerhus och axlar. ISO 20816-3:2022 g\u00e4ller industrimaskiner \u00f6ver 15 kW med varvtal mellan 120 och 30 000 varv per minut och delar in niv\u00e5n i fyra zoner.<\/p>\n<figure><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/scn-guide-vibration-f2-sv.webp\" alt=\"Zonerna A till D enligt ISO 20816-3 f\u00f6r maskiner p\u00e5 15\u2013300 kW p\u00e5 styvt fundament, med gr\u00e4nser vid 1,4, 2,8 och 4,5 mm\/s RMS.\" width=\"1520\" height=\"392\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>Zonerna i ISO 20816-3 ger en f\u00f6rsta bed\u00f6mning av vibrationsniv\u00e5n.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"g-tbl\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Standard<\/th>\n<th>G\u00e4ller<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"n\">ISO 20816-1<\/td>\n<td>Allm\u00e4nna riktlinjer f\u00f6r m\u00e4tning och bed\u00f6mning<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"n\">ISO 20816-3<\/td>\n<td>Industrimaskiner \u00f6ver 15 kW, till exempel motorer, fl\u00e4ktar och kompressorer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"n\">ISO 20816-5<\/td>\n<td>Maskinsatser i vattenkraftverk och pumpkraftverk<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"n\">ISO 20816-21<\/td>\n<td>Vindkraftverk med horisontell axel, ers\u00e4tter ISO 10816-21<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"n\">ISO 10816-7<\/td>\n<td>Centrifugalpumpar och andra rotodynamiska pumpar. En ny ISO 20816-7 \u00e4r under arbete.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"g-short\">\n<p style=\"margin:0\">Gr\u00e4nserna i figuren g\u00e4ller maskiner p\u00e5 15\u2013300 kW p\u00e5 styvt fundament, m\u00e4tt som hastighet i mm\/s RMS mellan 10 och 1 000 Hz. St\u00f6rre maskiner och flexibla fundament har h\u00f6gre gr\u00e4nser.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Zonerna \u00e4r en bra start, men den viktigaste signalen \u00e4r f\u00f6r\u00e4ndringen. En maskin som alltid g\u00e5tt p\u00e5 1,5 mm\/s och pl\u00f6tsligt ligger p\u00e5 2,5 mm\/s har f\u00e5tt ett problem, \u00e4ven om niv\u00e5n fortfarande \u00e4r godk\u00e4nd.<\/p>\n<h2>Tr\u00e5dl\u00f6sa eller tr\u00e5dbundna givare?<\/h2>\n<div class=\"g-tbl\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Egenskap<\/th>\n<th>Tr\u00e5dbunden<\/th>\n<th>Tr\u00e5dl\u00f6s<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"n\">M\u00e4tning<\/td>\n<td>Kontinuerlig, f\u00e5ngar \u00e4ven snabba f\u00f6rlopp<\/td>\n<td>Oftast med intervall<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"n\">Installation<\/td>\n<td>Kabeldragning per m\u00e4tpunkt<\/td>\n<td>Snabb, bra vid eftermontering och p\u00e5 sv\u00e5r\u00e5tkomliga platser<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"n\">Anslutning<\/td>\n<td>4\u201320 mA, Modbus RS485 eller IO-Link till PLC<\/td>\n<td>Bluetooth, LoRaWAN eller annan radio via gateway<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"n\">Passar f\u00f6r<\/td>\n<td>Kritiska maskiner och skyddsfunktioner<\/td>\n<td>M\u00e5nga mindre kritiska maskiner i stora anl\u00e4ggningar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>M\u00e5nga kombinerar: tr\u00e5dbundna givare d\u00e4r ett stopp kostar mest, tr\u00e5dl\u00f6sa p\u00e5 resten. Givare med inbyggd FFT och larm skickar bara nyckeltal och larm, s\u00e5 att styrsystemet inte fylls med r\u00e5data.<\/p>\n<h2>S\u00e5 kommer du ig\u00e5ng<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><b>V\u00e4lj maskiner.<\/b> Bed\u00f6m vad ett stopp kostar, hur l\u00e5ng leveranstid reservdelarna har och om s\u00e4kerheten p\u00e5verkas. B\u00f6rja med de mest kritiska.<\/li>\n<li><b>V\u00e4lj m\u00e4tpunkter.<\/b> Lagerhus p\u00e5 motor och driven maskin. Hastighet f\u00f6r allm\u00e4nt skick, kuvert f\u00f6r rullningslager.<\/li>\n<li><b>M\u00e4t en baslinje.<\/b> M\u00e4t under normal drift, g\u00e4rna vid olika last och varvtal, och notera driftl\u00e4get.<\/li>\n<li><b>S\u00e4tt larmgr\u00e4nser.<\/b> Utg\u00e5 fr\u00e5n ISO-zonerna och justera mot baslinjen. Anv\u00e4nd tv\u00e5 niv\u00e5er: varning och larm.<\/li>\n<li><b>Koppla till befintliga system.<\/b> Skicka nyckeltal och larm till PLC, SCADA eller underh\u00e5llssystem, d\u00e4r personalen redan tittar.<\/li>\n<li><b>F\u00f6lj upp.<\/b> N\u00e4r ett larm lett till en \u00e5tg\u00e4rd, kontrollera vad ni hittade och justera gr\u00e4nserna.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol class=\"g-pit\">\n<li><b>L\u00f6s eller fel monterad givare.<\/b> En magnetfot eller tunn pl\u00e5tk\u00e5pa d\u00e4mpar h\u00f6ga frekvenser. Skruva eller limma givaren p\u00e5 lagerhuset.<\/li>\n<li><b>J\u00e4mf\u00f6relse vid olika driftl\u00e4gen.<\/b> Vibrationen beror p\u00e5 varvtal och last. J\u00e4mf\u00f6r vid samma driftl\u00e4ge, s\u00e4rskilt i vindkraftverk d\u00e4r varvtalet f\u00f6ljer vinden.<\/li>\n<li><b>F\u00f6r m\u00e5nga larm.<\/b> F\u00f6r sn\u00e4va gr\u00e4nser g\u00f6r att larmen till slut ignoreras. B\u00f6rja f\u00f6rsiktigt och justera efter hand.<\/li>\n<li><b>Bara temperatur.<\/b> N\u00e4r lagret blir varmt \u00e4r det ofta f\u00f6r sent att planera stoppet.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Exempel fr\u00e5n olika branscher<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Vindkraft<\/b> \u2013 huvudlager, v\u00e4xell\u00e5da och generator. Huvudaxeln g\u00e5r l\u00e5ngsamt, s\u00e5 givaren m\u00e5ste klara l\u00e5ga frekvenser. Tornets r\u00f6relser m\u00e4ts med r\u00f6relse- och lutningsgivare.<\/li>\n<li><b>Vattenkraft<\/b> \u2013 turbin- och generatorlager, ofta kompletterat med givare som m\u00e4ter axelns r\u00f6relse.<\/li>\n<li><b>Pumpstationer<\/b> \u2013 pumpar och omr\u00f6rare p\u00e5 avl\u00e4gsna platser, d\u00e4r uppkopplade givare sparar resor till stationen.<\/li>\n<li><b>Fabrik<\/b> \u2013 fl\u00e4ktar, kompressorer, transport\u00f6rer och kvarnar.<\/li>\n<li><b>Fj\u00e4rrv\u00e4rme och kraftv\u00e4rme<\/b> \u2013 cirkulationspumpar, r\u00f6kgasfl\u00e4ktar och br\u00e4nslematning.<\/li>\n<li><b>Marin<\/b> \u2013 motorer, pumpar och hj\u00e4lpmaskiner ombord.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Givare f\u00f6r tillst\u00e5nds\u00f6vervakning hos SCN<\/h2>\n<p>Vi har vibrationsgivare fr\u00e5n KP Sensors med inbyggd frekvensanalys och larm, med Modbus eller tr\u00e5dl\u00f6s anslutning, och givare f\u00f6r temperatur, fukt och lutning f\u00f6r samma milj\u00f6er. Ber\u00e4tta vilka maskiner du vill \u00f6vervaka och vart m\u00e4tdata ska skickas, s\u00e5 hj\u00e4lper vi dig att komma ig\u00e5ng.<\/p>\n<h3>Exempel ur v\u00e5rt sortiment<\/h3>\n<div class=\"g-prod\"><a class=\"g-pc\" href=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/sv\/produkt\/kpv200-sv\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kp-sensors-kpv200-main.webp\" alt=\"KP Sensors KPV200 Vibrationsgivare med Modbus\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><span class=\"g-pb\">KP Sensors<\/span><span class=\"g-pn\">KPV200 Vibrationsgivare med Modbus<\/span><span class=\"g-pw\">Treaxlig vibrationsgivare med inbyggd FFT och larm. Skickar data via RS485 Modbus RTU direkt till PLC eller \u00f6vervakningssystem.<\/span><\/a><a class=\"g-pc\" href=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/sv\/produkt\/kpv100-sv\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kp-sensors-kpv100-main.webp\" alt=\"KP Sensors KPV100 Tr\u00e5dl\u00f6s vibrationsgivare\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><span class=\"g-pb\">KP Sensors<\/span><span class=\"g-pn\">KPV100 Tr\u00e5dl\u00f6s vibrationsgivare<\/span><span class=\"g-pw\">Treaxlig givare med Bluetooth och lokala larmutg\u00e5ngar, f\u00f6r motorer, vindkraftverk och andra maskiner.<\/span><\/a><a class=\"g-pc\" href=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/sv\/produkt\/tempmux-8-sv\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kp-sensors-tempmux-8-main.webp\" alt=\"KP Sensors TempMux-8 Temperaturgivare f\u00f6r 8 m\u00e4tpunkter\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><span class=\"g-pb\">KP Sensors<\/span><span class=\"g-pn\">TempMux-8 Temperaturgivare f\u00f6r 8 m\u00e4tpunkter<\/span><span class=\"g-pw\">L\u00e4ser upp till \u00e5tta PT1000-givare och rapporterar via Modbus, till exempel f\u00f6r att f\u00f6lja lagertemperaturer.<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"g-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/sv\/produkt-kategori\/produkter-sv\/sensors-sv\/givare-for-tillstandsovervakning-sv\/\">Givare f\u00f6r tillst\u00e5nds\u00f6vervakning<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/sv\/produkt-kategori\/produkter-sv\/sensors-sv\/\">Sensorer<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/sv\/produkt-kategori\/produkter-sv\/sensors-sv\/inclination-sensors-sv\/\">Lutningsgivare<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/sv\/produkt-kategori\/produkter-sv\/network-products-sv\/industrial-connectivity\/protocol-gateways\/\">Protokollgateways<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/sv\/produkt-kategori\/produkter-sv\/control-systems-sv\/plc-systems-sv\/\">PLC-system<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"g-cta\">\n<p>Vill du b\u00f6rja \u00f6vervaka dina maskiner? Fr\u00e5ga en av v\u00e5ra ingenj\u00f6rer om givare och uppkoppling \u2013 du f\u00e5r svar inom 24 timmar.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/sv\/kontakt\/\">Fr\u00e5ga en ingenj\u00f6r<\/a><\/div>\n<h2>Vanliga fr\u00e5gor<\/h2>\n<details>\n<summary>Vad \u00e4r skillnaden mellan ISO 10816 och ISO 20816?<\/summary>\n<p>ISO 20816 \u00e4r den nyare serien som ers\u00e4tter ISO 10816 och ISO 7919. ISO 20816-3:2022 ersatte till exempel ISO 10816-3:2009. Vissa \u00e4ldre delar, som ISO 10816-7 f\u00f6r pumpar, g\u00e4ller fortfarande.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Vilken vibrationsniv\u00e5 \u00e4r normal?<\/summary>\n<p>Det beror p\u00e5 maskinens storlek och fundament. F\u00f6r maskiner p\u00e5 15\u2013300 kW p\u00e5 styvt fundament g\u00e5r gr\u00e4nsen mellan zon B och C vid 2,8 mm\/s RMS enligt ISO 20816-3. Maskinens egen baslinje \u00e4r ofta den b\u00e4sta referensen.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Kan man uppt\u00e4cka lagerskador med vibrationsgivare?<\/summary>\n<p>Ja. Tidiga skador syns b\u00e4st med kuvertanalys (envelope), som f\u00e5ngar de upprepade st\u00f6tarna n\u00e4r rullkropparna passerar skadan. Senare syns de \u00e4ven i vibrationshastighet och temperatur.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Hur ofta ska man m\u00e4ta?<\/summary>\n<p>Kritiska maskiner d\u00e4r fel kan utvecklas snabbt b\u00f6r \u00f6vervakas kontinuerligt. F\u00f6r andra maskiner r\u00e4cker m\u00e4tningar med j\u00e4mna intervall, anpassade efter hur snabbt fel brukar utvecklas.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Vad betyder RMS?<\/summary>\n<p>Root mean square, ett effektivv\u00e4rde som speglar vibrationens energi. Vibrationshastighet anges oftast i mm\/s RMS.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ett haveri i en v\u00e4xell\u00e5da, pump eller fl\u00e4kt syns ofta i vibrationerna veckor eller m\u00e5nader innan. H\u00e4r g\u00e5r vi igenom vad du ska m\u00e4ta, hur ISO 20816 hj\u00e4lper dig att bed\u00f6ma niv\u00e5erna och hur du kommer ig\u00e5ng \u2013 fr\u00e5n vindkraftverket till pumpstationen.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":8234103,"template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"tillst\u00e5nds\u00f6vervakning","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tillst\u00e5nds\u00f6vervakning med vibrationsgivare: vad du ska m\u00e4ta, hur ISO 20816 hj\u00e4lper dig bed\u00f6ma niv\u00e5erna och hur du kommer ig\u00e5ng. 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