{"id":8234571,"date":"2026-10-24T17:29:13","date_gmt":"2026-10-24T17:29:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/scn.eu\/?post_type=scn_guide&#038;p=8234571"},"modified":"2026-10-24T17:29:41","modified_gmt":"2026-10-24T17:29:41","slug":"iec-61850-koblingsanlaeg","status":"publish","type":"scn_guide","link":"https:\/\/scn.eu\/da\/guider\/iec-61850-koblingsanlaeg\/","title":{"rendered":"IEC 61850 i koblingsanl\u00e6g \u2013 netv\u00e6rk, tidssynk og computere"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"scn-guide\">\n<h1>IEC 61850 i koblingsanl\u00e6g \u2013 netv\u00e6rk, tidssynk og computere<\/h1>\n<p class=\"g-lead\">IEC 61850 erstatter kobberkabling og leverand\u00f8rspecifikke protokoller med Ethernet i moderne koblingsanl\u00e6g. Her forklarer vi GOOSE, Sampled Values og MMS \u2013 og hvad det kr\u00e6ver af switche, tidssynkronisering, computere og cybersikkerhed.<\/p>\n<div class=\"g-short\"><b class=\"t\">Kort svar<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>IEC 61850<\/b> \u2013 international standard for kommunikation i elnettets automation med f\u00e6lles datamodel og konfigurationssprog.<\/li>\n<li><b>GOOSE og Sampled Values<\/b> \u2013 hurtige meddelelser direkte p\u00e5 Ethernet til udkobling, forriglinger og m\u00e5lev\u00e6rdier. MMS bruges til overv\u00e5gning og styring.<\/li>\n<li><b>Switche<\/b> \u2013 IEC 61850-3 og IEEE 1613 viser, at de kan klare stationsmilj\u00f8et og forstyrrelserne.<\/li>\n<li><b>Redundans<\/b> \u2013 PRP og HSR efter IEC 62439-3 giver kommunikation uden afbrydelse, n\u00e5r et link svigter.<\/li>\n<li><b>Tid og sikkerhed<\/b> \u2013 PTP efter IEC\/IEEE 61850-9-3 giver tidssynkronisering med mikrosekundn\u00f8jagtighed. IEC 62351 og IEC 62443 d\u00e6kker cybersikkerheden.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Hvad er IEC 61850?<\/h2>\n<p>IEC 61850 er en standardserie for kommunikation i elnettets automation. Den blev udviklet til koblingsanl\u00e6g, men bruges i dag ogs\u00e5 i vindkraft, vandkraft og solcelleparker. Tanken er, at beskyttelsesrel\u00e6er, styreudstyr og m\u00e5lere fra forskellige producenter skal kunne tale sammen uden specialtilpasninger.<\/p>\n<p>Hver enhed, en IED (<i>Intelligent Electronic Device<\/i>), beskrives med en standardiseret datamodel. En afbryder hedder for eksempel XCBR og en overstr\u00f8msbeskyttelse PTOC, uanset producent. Hele stationen konfigureres med filer i sproget SCL (IEC 61850-6). Det g\u00f8r det muligt at udskifte eller tilf\u00f8je udstyr uden at starte forfra.<\/p>\n<h2>Stationsbus, procesbus og protokollerne<\/h2>\n<p>Et koblingsanl\u00e6g efter IEC 61850 er inddelt i tre niveauer. Stationsbussen forbinder stationscomputere og gateways med beskyttelse og styring i hvert felt. Procesbussen forbinder felterne med udstyret i koblingsanl\u00e6gget, hvor merging units oms\u00e6tter str\u00f8m og sp\u00e6nding fra m\u00e5letransformerne til digitale v\u00e6rdier.<\/p>\n<figure><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/scn-guide-iec61850-f1-da.webp\" alt=\"Arkitektur efter IEC 61850: stationsniveau med stationscomputer, SCADA-gateway, firewall og GNSS-ur, stationsbus med MMS og GOOSE, feltniveau med beskyttelsesrel\u00e6er, feltcontroller og elm\u00e5ler, procesbus med Sampled Values og GOOSE samt procesniveau med merging units og afbryder-IED.\" width=\"1520\" height=\"604\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>Tre niveauer og to busser. Procesbussen erstatter kobberkablingen mellem felterne og udstyret i koblingsanl\u00e6gget.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"g-tbl\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Protokol<\/th>\n<th>Hvad den g\u00f8r<\/th>\n<th>Transport<\/th>\n<th>Tidskrav<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"n\">GOOSE<\/td>\n<td>H\u00e6ndelser: udkobling, forriglinger, stillingsindikering<\/td>\n<td>Ethernet (lag 2), multicast, gentages<\/td>\n<td>Nogle f\u00e5 millisekunder<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"n\">Sampled Values<\/td>\n<td>Digitale str\u00f8m- og sp\u00e6ndingsv\u00e6rdier fra merging units<\/td>\n<td>Ethernet (lag 2), multicast, kontinuerligt<\/td>\n<td>Tidsstempler med mikrosekundn\u00f8jagtighed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"n\">MMS<\/td>\n<td>Overv\u00e5gning, styring, rapporter og filer<\/td>\n<td>TCP\/IP, klient\u2013server<\/td>\n<td>Sekunder er som regel nok<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>GOOSE og Sampled Values sendes som multicast direkte p\u00e5 Ethernet. Sampled Values sendes med tusindvis af meddelelser i sekundet fra hver merging unit. Switchene skal derfor kunne prioritere trafik og filtrere multicast med VLAN, ellers kan m\u00e5lev\u00e6rdierne oversv\u00f8mme netv\u00e6rket.<\/p>\n<h2>Krav til switche: IEC 61850-3 og IEEE 1613<\/h2>\n<p>I et koblingsanl\u00e6g uds\u00e6ttes elektronikken for kraftige elektromagnetiske felter, n\u00e5r afbrydere og adskillere man\u00f8vreres, for oversp\u00e6ndinger og for store temperaturforskelle. En almindelig industriswitch er sj\u00e6ldent nok.<\/p>\n<p>IEC 61850-3 stiller generelle krav til udstyr i koblingsanl\u00e6g: klima, mekanik, produktsikkerhed og EMC i tr\u00e5d med IEC 61000-6-5 og IEC 60255. Den nordamerikanske standard IEEE 1613 har to klasser. I klasse 1 m\u00e5 kommunikationen forstyrres under EMC-pr\u00f8verne, hvis den genopretter sig. I klasse 2 m\u00e5 den hverken afbrydes eller f\u00e5 fejl. IEEE 1613 tillader ikke ventilatorer.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ventilatorl\u00f8s konstruktion og bredt temperaturomr\u00e5de.<\/li>\n<li>Redundant forsyning, ofte fra stationsbatteriet.<\/li>\n<li>Underst\u00f8ttelse af PRP eller HSR og PTP i hardware.<\/li>\n<li>VLAN, prioritering og multicastfiltrering til GOOSE og Sampled Values.<\/li>\n<li>Fiberporte til lange afstande og galvanisk adskillelse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Redundans og tidssynkronisering: PRP, HSR og PTP<\/h2>\n<p>Almindelige redundansprotokoller som RSTP skal bruge tid p\u00e5 at finde en ny vej, n\u00e5r et link svigter. Til beskyttelse og Sampled Values er det for langsomt. IEC 62439-3 beskriver to protokoller uden omskiftningstid. Med PRP tilsluttes hver enhed to helt uafh\u00e6ngige netv\u00e6rk og sender hver ramme p\u00e5 begge. Modtageren bruger den f\u00f8rste og kasserer dubletten. Med HSR sidder enhederne i en ring og sender rammen i begge retninger. Enheder med kun \u00e9n port tilsluttes via en RedBox.<\/p>\n<figure><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/scn-guide-iec61850-f2-da.webp\" alt=\"Sammenligning af PRP og HSR. I PRP er hver enhed tilsluttet to separate netv\u00e6rk, LAN A og LAN B, og sender hver ramme p\u00e5 begge. I HSR sidder enhederne i en ring, og hver ramme sendes i begge retninger, med en RedBox til enheder med \u00e9n port.\" width=\"1520\" height=\"536\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>PRP og HSR efter IEC 62439-3: Et link kan svigte, uden at nogen ramme g\u00e5r tabt.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Sampled Values og h\u00e6ndelseslogge kr\u00e6ver f\u00e6lles tid med h\u00f8j n\u00f8jagtighed. IEC\/IEEE 61850-9-3 er en profil af PTP (IEEE 1588) til elnet. M\u00e5let er bedre end 1 \u00b5s efter op til 15 switche, hvilket kr\u00e6ver, at switchene h\u00e5ndterer PTP i hardware. Tiden kommer fra et grandmaster-ur med GNSS-modtager. V\u00e6lg et ur, der holder tiden ved GNSS-udfald og modst\u00e5r jamming og spoofing af satellitsignalet.<\/p>\n<h2>Computere og cybersikkerhed i koblingsanl\u00e6gget<\/h2>\n<p>I stationen findes der ofte en stationscomputer med operat\u00f8rbillede, en gateway til netselskabets SCADA og en computer til konfiguration. Skal computeren st\u00e5 i selve koblingsanl\u00e6gget, s\u00e5 sp\u00f8rg efter afpr\u00f8vning efter IEC 61850-3 eller IEEE 1613, redundant DC-forsyning og netv\u00e6rkskort med PRP. I et separat kontrolrum er en industriel rack-PC ofte nok.<\/p>\n<p>Et digitalt koblingsanl\u00e6g er ogs\u00e5 et m\u00e5l for angreb. IEC 62351 beskriver sikkerhed for protokollerne: del 3 og 4 for TLS og MMS, del 6 for GOOSE og Sampled Values, del 8 for rollebaseret adgangsstyring og del 9 for n\u00f8gleh\u00e5ndtering. IEC 62443 giver rammen for zoner, conduits og sikkerhedsniveauer. I praksis starter det med segmentering, en firewall mod omverdenen og sikker fjernadgang. NIS2-direktivet stiller desuden krav til cybersikkerhed hos elnetselskaber.<\/p>\n<h2>Hvor bruges IEC 61850?<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Transmission og distribution<\/b> \u2013 nye og moderniserede koblingsanl\u00e6g og fordelingsstationer.<\/li>\n<li><b>Vedvarende energi<\/b> \u2013 parkstationer i vind- og solcelleparker og batterilagre.<\/li>\n<li><b>Vandkraft<\/b> \u2013 stations- og aggregatstyring.<\/li>\n<li><b>Industri og infrastruktur<\/b> \u2013 egne mellemsp\u00e6ndingsnet i procesindustri, miner og datacentre.<\/li>\n<li><b>Jernbane<\/b> \u2013 omformer- og f\u00f8destationer til k\u00f8restr\u00f8msforsyning.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Fem faldgruber<\/h2>\n<ol class=\"g-pit\">\n<li><b>Almindelige switche i koblingsanl\u00e6gget.<\/b> Uden afpr\u00f8vning efter IEC 61850-3 eller IEEE 1613 kan kommunikationen blive forstyrret netop i det \u00f8jeblik, en afbryder kobler ud.<\/li>\n<li><b>Multicast uden filtrering.<\/b> Sampled Values n\u00e5r alle porte og fylder netv\u00e6rket. Planl\u00e6g VLAN f\u00f8r idrifts\u00e6ttelse.<\/li>\n<li><b>Tidssynkronisering som eftertanke.<\/b> Switche uden PTP i hardware forringer n\u00f8jagtigheden for hvert hop.<\/li>\n<li><b>Redundans, der ikke er uafh\u00e6ngig.<\/b> PRP-netv\u00e6rkene skal have egen forsyning og egne kabelf\u00f8ringer, ellers kan \u00e9n fejl sl\u00e5 begge ud.<\/li>\n<li><b>Sikkerhed til sidst.<\/b> Segmentering og adgangsrettigheder er nemmere at bygge ind fra starten end at tilf\u00f8je senere.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Netv\u00e6rk og tidssynkronisering hos SCN<\/h2>\n<p>Vi har switche til koblingsanl\u00e6g og infrastruktur fra Moxa, tidsservere og PTP-grandmaster-ure fra Protempis samt rack-PC&#8217;er og netv\u00e6rksenheder fra blandt andre Axiomtek og Winmate. Produktsiderne angiver, hvilke standarder producenten oplyser.<\/p>\n<h3>Eksempler fra vores sortiment<\/h3>\n<div class=\"g-prod\"><a class=\"g-pc\" href=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/da\/vare\/pt-g7828-da\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/moxa-pt-g7828-main.webp\" alt=\"Moxa PT-G7828 28-ports Layer 3-stationsswitch\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><span class=\"g-pb\">Moxa<\/span><span class=\"g-pn\">PT-G7828 28-ports Layer 3-stationsswitch<\/span><span class=\"g-pw\">Modul\u00e6r Layer 3-switch til koblingsanl\u00e6g efter IEC 61850-3 udgave 2, klasse 2, til \u221240 til 85 \u00b0C med indbygget MMS-server.<\/span><\/a><a class=\"g-pc\" href=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/da\/vare\/thunderbolt-ptp-grandmaster-clock-gm330\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Thunderbolt-GM330-PTP-Grandmaster-Clock.jpeg\" alt=\"Protempis Thunderbolt PTP Grandmaster Clock GM330\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><span class=\"g-pb\">Protempis<\/span><span class=\"g-pn\">Thunderbolt PTP Grandmaster Clock GM330<\/span><span class=\"g-pw\">PTP-grandmaster med dualb\u00e5nds-GNSS, der modst\u00e5r jamming og spoofing og holder tiden ved GNSS-udfald.<\/span><\/a><a class=\"g-pc\" href=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/da\/vare\/na362r-da\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/axiomtek-na362r-main.webp\" alt=\"Axiomtek NA362R 1U rackmonteret appliance med 10G SFP+\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><span class=\"g-pb\">Axiomtek<\/span><span class=\"g-pn\">NA362R 1U rackmonteret appliance med 10G SFP+<\/span><span class=\"g-pw\">Netv\u00e6rksenhed i 1U til firewall og VPN med 10G SFP+ og LAN bypass.<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"g-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/da\/vare-kategori\/produkter\/network-products-2\/ethernet-da\/managed-switches-da\/\">Managed switche<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/da\/vare-kategori\/produkter\/network-products-2\/gps-and-timing-da\/\">GPS og tidssynkronisering<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/da\/vare-kategori\/produkter\/industrial-computers-da\/rack-pc-da\/\">Rack-PC<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/da\/vare-kategori\/produkter\/network-products-2\/secure-routers\/\">Sikre routere<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"g-cta\">\n<p>Planl\u00e6gger du et netv\u00e6rk til et koblingsanl\u00e6g eller en park? Sp\u00f8rg en af vores ingeni\u00f8rer \u2013 du f\u00e5r svar inden for 24 timer.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/scn.eu\/da\/kontakt\/\">Sp\u00f8rg en ingeni\u00f8r<\/a><\/div>\n<h2>Ofte stillede sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l<\/h2>\n<details>\n<summary>Hvad er IEC 61850?<\/summary>\n<p>En international standardserie for kommunikation i elnettets automation. Den definerer datamodel, protokoller og konfigurationsfiler, s\u00e5 udstyr fra forskellige producenter fungerer sammen.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Hvad er forskellen p\u00e5 GOOSE og MMS?<\/summary>\n<p>GOOSE sender hurtige h\u00e6ndelser som udkobling direkte p\u00e5 Ethernet til mange modtagere. MMS er en klient\u2013server-protokol over TCP\/IP til overv\u00e5gning og styring.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Hvad er en procesbus?<\/summary>\n<p>Netv\u00e6rket mellem felterne og udstyret i koblingsanl\u00e6gget. Her sendes Sampled Values fra merging units og GOOSE til afbryderne i stedet for kobberledninger.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Hvad er forskellen p\u00e5 PRP og HSR?<\/summary>\n<p>PRP bruger to separate netv\u00e6rk, HSR en ring. Begge sender hver ramme to gange og klarer en linkfejl uden afbrydelse.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Hvad kr\u00e6ves der af en switch til IEC 61850?<\/summary>\n<p>Afpr\u00f8vning til stationsmilj\u00f8 efter IEC 61850-3 eller IEEE 1613, gerne PRP eller HSR, PTP i hardware samt VLAN og multicastfiltrering.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>IEC 61850 erstatter kobberkabling og leverand\u00f8rspecifikke protokoller med Ethernet i moderne koblingsanl\u00e6g. Her forklarer vi GOOSE, Sampled Values og MMS \u2013 og hvad det kr\u00e6ver af switche, tidssynkronisering, computere og cybersikkerhed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":8234264,"template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"iec 61850","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"IEC 61850 i koblingsanl\u00e6g: GOOSE, Sampled Values og MMS, stationsbus og procesbus, IEC 61850-3, PRP\/HSR, PTP-tidssynkronisering og cybersikkerhed.","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"hide","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"hide","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","_scn_guide_cats":[871,865,842],"_scn_guide_sectors":[1080],"_scn_guide_type":"industry","_scn_guide_order":62,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8234571","scn_guide","type-scn_guide","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is 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